How China Lends

How China Collateralizes

The first comprehensive analysis of the secured lending practices of Chinese creditors in
emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs).

How China Collateralizes How China Lends

The First Tranche Blog

Out of public sight, China’s state-backed lenders secure priority repayment from emerging economies with cash collateral

2025-06-25

The head office of China Development Bank in Beijing. Photo by 維基小霸王 via Wikimedia, used under CC BY-SA 4.0.

New report and cache of Chinese debt contracts reveal that the commodity export revenues of developing countries are routed to offshore bank accounts, raising fiscal governance and debt transparency concerns.

Working Paper

How China Collateralizes

Research Brief

How China Lends 2.0

Chinese Loan Contracts

How China Lends Dataset, Version 2.0

371 debt contracts between 20 Chinese state-owned creditors and 155 borrowers in 60 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries

Chinese Collateralized PPG Loans

How China Collateralizes Dataset, Version 1.0

620 collateralized PPG loan commitments worth $418 billion from 31 Chinese state-owned creditors to 158 borrowers in 57 low-income and middle-income countries between 2000 and 2021

Contract Search Tool

china-contracts.aiddata.org