Featured Methodologies

Working Paper

China’s AI Exports: Developing a Tool to Track Chinese Development Finance in the Global South—Technical Documentation
China’s AI Exports: Developing a Tool to Track Chinese Development Finance in the Global South—Technical Documentation

Working Paper

Tracking Chinese Development Finance: An Application of AidData’s TUFF 3.0 Methodology
Tracking Chinese Development Finance: An Application of AidData’s TUFF 3.0 Methodology

Methodology Papers

Tracking Loans and Grants from China to Low-, Middle-, and High-Income Countries: An Application of AidData’s TUFF 4.0 Methodology

Bradley C. Parks, Brooke Escobar, Katherine Walsh, Sheng Zhang, Rory Fedorochko, Lydia Vlasto, Julie Sickell, Sailor Miao, Emma Bury, Jacqueline Zimmerman, Samantha Custer, Axel Dreher, Lukas Franz, Andreas Fuchs, Sebastian Horn, Ammar A. Malik, Carmen M. Reinhart, Austin Strange, Michael J. Tierney, and Christoph Trebesch

2025-11-18

Tracking Loans and Grants from China to Low-, Middle-, and High-Income Countries: An Application of AidData’s TUFF 4.0 Methodology
Tracking China’s Transition Mineral Financing: Methodology and Approach, Version 1.0

Katherine Walsh, Sheng Zhang, Ammar A. Malik, Brooke Escobar, and Jacqueline Zimmerman

2025-02-25

Tracking China’s Transition Mineral Financing: Methodology and Approach, Version 1.0
China’s AI Exports: Developing a Tool to Track Chinese Development Finance in the Global South—Technical Documentation

RAND Corporation

Jennifer Bouey, Lynn Hu, Keller Scholl, William Marcellino, James Gazis, Ammar A. Malik, Kyra Solomon, Sheng Zhang, Andy Shufer

2023-12-11

China’s AI Exports: Developing a Tool to Track Chinese Development Finance in the Global South—Technical Documentation
Tracking Chinese Development Finance: An Application of AidData’s TUFF 3.0 Methodology

Samantha Custer, Axel Dreher, Thai-Binh Elston, Brooke Escobar, Rory Fedorochko, Andreas Fuchs, Siddhartha Ghose, Joyce Jiahui Lin, Ammar A. Malik, Bradley C. Parks, Kyra Solomon, Austin Strange, Michael J. Tierney, Lydia Vlasto, Katherine Walsh, Fei Wang, Lincoln Zaleski, and Sheng Zhang

2023-11-06

Tracking Chinese Development Finance: An Application of AidData’s TUFF 3.0 Methodology
Tracking Chinese Development Finance: An Application of AidData’s TUFF 2.0 Methodology

Samantha Custer, Axel Dreher, Thai-Binh Elston, Andreas Fuchs, Siddharta Ghose, Joyce Jiahui Lin, Ammar A. Malik, Bradley C. Parks, Brooke Russell, Kyra Solomon, Austin Strange, Michael J. Tierney, Katherine Walsh, Lincoln Zaleski, Sheng Zhang

2021-09-29

Tracking Chinese Development Finance: An Application of AidData’s TUFF 2.0 Methodology
Counting the Costs

Mihir Prakash, Mengfan Cheng, Suzanne Schadel, Marco Kamiya

2020-02-10

Counting the Costs
AidData TUFF Coder Instructions, Version 1.3

Austin M. Strange, Mengfan Cheng, Brooke Russell, Siddhartha Ghose, and Bradley Parks

2017-10-09

AidData TUFF Coder Instructions, Version 1.3
AidData's TUFF Methodology, Version 1.3

Austin M. Strange, Mengfan Cheng, Brooke Russell, Siddhartha Ghose, and Bradley Parks

2017-10-09

AidData's TUFF Methodology, Version 1.3
Geocoding Afrobarometer Rounds 1-6: Methodology & Data Quality 

Ariel BenYishay, Renee Rotberg, Jessica Wells, Zhonghui Lv, Seth Goodman, Lidia Kovacevic, Dan Runfola 

2017-06-12

Geocoding Afrobarometer Rounds 1-6: Methodology & Data Quality 
AidData’s TUFF Methodology, Version 1.2

Austin M. Strange, Bradley Parks, Charles Perla, Harsh Desai

2015-09-01

AidData’s TUFF Methodology, Version 1.2
AidData's TUFF Methodology, Version 1.1

Austin M. Strange, Brian O’Donnell, Daniel Gamboa, Bradley Parks, Charles Perla

2013-12-01

AidData's TUFF Methodology, Version 1.1
China's Development Finance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection

Center for Global Development

Austin Strange, Bradley Parks, Michael J. Tierney, Andreas Fuchs, Axel Dreher, Vijaya Ramachandran

2013-04-29

China's Development Finance to Africa: A Media-Based Approach to Data Collection
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