This dataset is composed of first-of-its-kind quantitative data—on China’s public diplomacy efforts from three of AidData’s reports, Ties That Bind, Influencing the Narrative, Silk Road Diplomacy, Listening to Leaders 2021, and Corridors of Power—that is available through AidData’s China’s Public Diplomacy Dashboard. In the dashboard, users can create custom data sets, maps and graphs based on the type of public diplomacy, recipient countries and time periods in which they are specifically interested. This static dataset includes metrics for five types of public diplomacy: financial, cultural, elite-to-elite, exchange, and informational. This dataset allows disaggregation of Chinese public diplomacy activities into several constituent measures over time and space globally between 1999 and 2021.
This data file includes four separate datasets:
- Chinese Global Public Diplomacy: Country year format data on China’s Global Public Diplomacy efforts
- AidData’s Global Chinese Development Finance Dataset, Version 2.0: Project level data on China’s Official Finance
- Perceptions: Contains measures of how China is perceived by leaders in low- and middle-income countries
- Confucius Institutes: Contains information on the operational status and location of individual Confucius Institutes
The dataset consists of variables collected from an array of sources and methods, including primary data collection carried out by AidData as well as extending existing measures pioneered by previous research.
The dataset consists of variables collected from an array of sources and methods, including primary data collection carried out by AidData as well as extending existing measures pioneered by previous research. This research was conducted with generous support from the United States Department of State and in partnership with the Asia Society Policy Institute and the Center for Strategic and International Studies as well as the United States Agency for International Development.
Data Sources and Citations
Ties That Bind: Published by AidData in 2018 this report quantified China’s financial, cultural, exchange, and elite-to-elite diplomacy in East Asia and the Pacific.
Custer, S., Russell, B. DiLorenzo, M., Cheng, M., Ghose, S., Sims, J., Turner, J., and H. Desai. (2018). Ties That Bind: Quantifying China’s public diplomacy and its "good neighbor" effect. Williamsburg, VA: AidData at William & Mary.
Report Data Sources
- Official Finance with Diplomatic Intent(Financial Diplomacy): Relevant projects from the AidData Global Chinese Official Finance Dataset (version 1.0) between 2000-2014. We replicated the data collection methodology to extend the coverage to 2016 throughout all of the EAP.
- Confucius Institutes(Cultural Diplomacy): 2004-2014 global dataset provided by Xiang and Huang (2015). We extended the dataset for 2015-2016 in East Asia and the Pacific using the Hanban website and targeted internet searches.
- Total Elite Visits(Elite-to-Elite Diplomacy): China Foreign Affairs Yearbooks from 2000-2015. AidData compiled visits of all levels from the chapter of "China’s Relations with Diplomatic Countries" from each yearbook. 2016 yearbook was not available at the time of data collection for this project.
- Sister Cities Established(Exchange Diplomacy): We used the data provided by China International Friendship Cities Association, n.d. and supplemented it using targeted web searches for Japan and Malaysia.
Influencing the Narrative: Published by AidData in 2019 this report quantified China’s exchange and informational diplomacy in East Asia and the Pacific.
Custer, S., Prakash, M., Solis, J., Knight, R., and J. Lin. (2019). Influencing the Narrative: How the Chinese government mobilizes students and media to burnish its image. Williamsburg, VA. AidData at William & Mary.
Report Data Sources
- Chinese Students Studying in Country: We queried United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization's Institute for Statistics database for global tertiary student flows for Chinese origin.
- Students Inbound to China: This is an original AidData compiled dataset made by translating information in Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs Yearbooks.
- Ambassador Op-Eds: This is an original AidData compiled dataset made by translating information in Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs Yearbooks.
- Journalist Visits to China: This is an original AidData compiled dataset made by translating information in Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs Yearbooks and supplementing them with announcements made in the news sections of Chinese embassy websites of EAP countries.
- Media Partnerships: This data was originally created by Emily Feng (2018) for her article in the Financial Times. We validated this data and fixed some errors in the mapping of partnerships to countries.
Silk Road Diplomacy: Published by AidData in 2019 this report quantified China’s financial, cultural, exchange, and elite-to-elite diplomacy in South and Central Asia.
Custer, S., Sethi, T., Solis, J., Lin, J., Ghose, S., Gupta, A., Knight, R., and A. Baehr. (2019). Silk Road Diplomacy: Deconstructing Beijing’s toolkit to influence South and Central Asia. Williamsburg, VA. AidData at William & Mary.
Report Data Sources
- Official Finance with Diplomatic Intent(Financial Diplomacy): Relevant projects from the AidData Global Chinese Official Finance Dataset (version 1.0) between 2000-2014. We replicated the data collection methodology to extend the coverage to 2016 throughout all of the SCA.
- Total Elite Visits(Elite-to-Elite Diplomacy): China Foreign Affairs Yearbooks from 2000-2017. AidData compiled visits of all levels from the chapter of "China’s Relations with Diplomatic Countries" from each yearbook. Data on military visits was drawn from Allen et al. (2017), available for download here.
- Students Inbound to China(Exchange Diplomacy): This is an original AidData compiled dataset made by translating information in Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs Yearbooks and Chinese Embassy websites.
- Journalist Visits to China(Informational Diplomacy): This is an original AidData compiled dataset made by translating information in Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs Yearbooks and supplementing them with announcements made in the news sections of Chinese embassy websites of SCA countries.
Listening to Leaders 2021: Published by AidData in 2021 this report analyzed the results of a survey of public, private and civil society leaders worldwide on their top development priorities; the development partners with whom they worked; and how they rated these partners' performance across multiple dimensions.
Custer, S., Sethi, T., Knight, R., Hutchinson, A., Choo, V., and M. Cheng. (2021). Listening to Leaders 2021: A report card for development partners in an era of contested cooperation. Williamsburg, VA. AidData at William & Mary.
Report Data Sources
- AidData's 2020 Listening to Leaders Survey
Corridors of Power: Published by AidData in 2021 this report quantified China's public diplomacy efforts at the subnational level, explored China's cultural public diplomacy efforts, and social media diplomacy in South and Central Asia.
Custer, S., Schon, J., Horigoshi, A., Mathew, D., Burgess, B., Choo, V., Hutchinson, A., Baehr, A., and K. Marshall (2021). Corridors of Power: How does Beijing exert influence along the Silk Road? December 13, 2021. Williamsburg, VA. AidData at William & Mary.
Report Data Sources
- Sister Cities Established(Exchange Diplomacy): We used the data provided by China International Friendship Cities Association, n.d.. This dataset was geocoded by AidData.
- Confucius Institutes(Cultural Diplomacy): Collected using the Hanban website, Hanban Annual Reports, and targeted internet searches. This dataset was geocoded by AidData.
AidData's Global Chinese Development Finance Dataset, Version 2.0: Published by AidData in 2021. This uniquely granular dataset captures 13,427 development projects worth $843 billion financed by more than 300 Chinese government institutions and state-owned entities across 165 countries in every major region of the world from 2000-2017.
Custer, S., Dreher, A., Elston, T.B., Fuchs, A., Ghose, S., Lin, J., Malik, A., Parks, B.C., Russell, B., Solomon, K., Strange, A., Tierney, M.J., Walsh, K., Zaleski, L., and Zhang, S. 2021. Tracking Chinese Development Finance: An Application of AidData’s TUFF 2.0 Methodology. Williamsburg, VA: AidData at William & Mary.
China Global Public Diplomacy Indicators Dataset, Version 1.6: Published by AidData in 2022. This dataset provides a quantitative look into the global public diplomacy activities of the People's Republic of China (PRC).
AidData. 2022. China Global Public Diplomacy Indicators Dataset, Version 1.6.
Dataset Data Sources
- Confucius Institutes(Cultural Diplomacy): Collected using the Hanban website, Hanban Annual Reports, and targeted internet searches. This dataset was geocoded by AidData.
- Confucius Classrooms (Cultural Diplomacy): Collected using the Hanban website, Hanban Annual Reports, and targeted internet searches.
- Total Elite Visits (Elite to Elite): China Foreign Affairs Yearbooks
- Outbound Student Exchange (Exchange Diplomacy): UNESCO UIS
- Inbound Student Exchange (Exchange Diplomacy): China Foreign Affairs Yearbooks
- Content Sharing Partnerships (Informational Diplomacy): Emily Feng (2018). China and the world: how Beijing spreads the message. July 12. Financial Times. Retrieved from: https://on.ft.com/2NMw74w
Technical Assistance: Open-source data collection
